The Third World, except the newly industrializing countries (NIC) of Singapore, South Korea, Vietnam, China and India and the territories of Hong Kong (now part of China) and Taiwan, have not made a dent on development during the last half century. The reason is they have not made it to the crucial phases: (a) right formulation of the problem and strategy for development and (b) implementation. The policy makers just don’t know what to do. In the Philippines, for instance, they have trained a lot of scientists and engineers including this host, but they don’t know what to do with them after their training. Consequently, they make themselves productive oversees where they are highly valued visiting experts. There are a number of Filipino scientists and engineers doing very well abroad and there are a few achievers in the Philippines on their own initiatives but policy makers do not even know much less grasp the relationship between science and development. They follow the advice of consultants from developed countries with different interest and agenda. They have been giving us advice since the 50s without significant impact. Moreover, since the establishment of the Philippine Republic in 1946 there has not emerged even a single leader with a vision for Philippine development. Every one of them has served as caretaker of the government.
There are some misconceptions about industrial development. It is generally believed that massive corruption prevents it. Corruption affects the distribution of wealth and people’s access to the countries’ resources while industrial development depends on rapid generation and accumulation of wealth. They are different categories of problems independent of each other. Another misconception is that development requires authoritarian rule. This is at odds with the experience of the developed democracies today as well as those at the threshold of development such as India. Still another misconception is that it is difficult if not impossible to develop large countries. Again, this is contradicted by the experience of China and India. Still another misconception is the idea that industrial development and healthy environment are incompatible which is not true. On the contrary, underdevelopment is the single most devastating factor for the ecology and the environment.
Below is the abstract of my paper, Qualitative Modeling for Complex Systems, to appear in the journal, Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems, published jointly by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the International Federation of Nonlinear Analysts. It provides insights on how industrial development may be achieved. I shall gladly share the paper on individual request.
GVP Lakshmikantham Institute for Advanced Studies and Departments of Mathematics and Physics
GVP University of Engineering, Madurawada, Visakhapatnam, AP India
(Formerly, College of Engineering, Jawarhalal Nehru Technical University)
E-mail: escultur36@gmail.com * URL: http://edgarescultura.tk/
The most advanced methodology of science today that plays itself out most fully in physics is computational (or mathematical) modeling that describes the appearances of nature or natural phenomena mathematically. Its main tools are computation and measurement. It has given rise to technological wonders like high technology. However, it has left unsolved long standing problems of physics such as the gravitational n-body and turbulence problems. It has also left unresolved what the basic constituent of matter and the structure of an elementary particle are. By complex systems we mean systems that cannot be understood or analyzed by computation and measurement alone such as turbulence, chaos and generalized fractals and some geometrical fractals. Also included in this category are the the basic constituent of matter and social systems. There are also complex problems, i.e., problems that cannot be solved by computation and measurement alone, such as the n-body and turbulence problems, development of physical theory to guide generation of advanced technology and the problem of economic-industrial development.
The remedy for the inadequacy of computational modeling is qualitative or noncomputational modeling that explains nature and natural phenomena in terms of natural laws and in the case of social systems the laws of motion of society and production. Its main tool is, naturally, qualitative or noncomputational mathematics. What is qualitative mathematics? Imagine what a mathematician or scientist does in his daily activity: making conclusions, visualizing, guessing, thinking backwards, thought experimenting, engaging in creative activity, intuition, imagination, negating what is known to find an opening into the unknown, altering premises to draw out new conclusions and all other techniques that one brings into research to stamp it with his own style. All of these we place under the category of qualitative mathematics that includes abstract mathematical spaces, axiomatic systems and the search for the laws of nature and society. This new methodology was successfully used for the first time in the solution of the n-body problem in 1997 along with the discovery of the basic constituent of matter central to the solution. The solution required the discovery of 11 initial laws of nature, the foundations of the Grand Unified Theory developed and consolidated in 2008.
Since we have relaxed requirements for finding the relevant information we have to tighten the filter of admissibility of concepts and axioms in forging a mathematical system.
These two methodologies, however, are complementary. In the solution of a physical problem qualitative modeling provides the general solution and explanation that guides and justifies computation while computational modeling provides the specific solution and details. Moreover, devising a piece of technology requires computation and measurement. Furthermore, qualitative modeling well-defines physical concepts so that they become operative in the sense that they can be used in analyzing a problem or constructing a physical theory. For example, computational modeling defines a black hole as physical singularity or a region of space where the laws of nature are suspended. It is useless or non-operative as a concept for one cannot do anything with it. At the same time, qualitative modeling well-defines physical concepts. For example, black hole is massive concentration of non-agitated superstrings (the superstring is the basic constituent of matter) that accumulates in the eye of a cosmological vortex such as planet, star and galaxy. Qualitative modeling plays the crucial role in the formulation of the cosmology of our universe. In the solution of the n-body problem the first crucial step was to discover and well define the basic constituent of matter and units of visible matter called prima as well as dark or latent energy and visible or kinetic energy.
To illustrate this new methodology the paper highlights the solution of the n-body problem and the discovery of the basic constituent of matter and presents a qualitative model of the atom and formation of its heavy isotope. Then it devises a scheme for solving a complex problem: the problem of development for underdeveloped countries. Development is quite specific: to advance production, i.e., creation of exchange value and accumulation of its surplus to meet the requirement of and sustain economic-industrial development. To this end, it is necessary to discover natural laws and laws of society and production, especially, the global society which is a crucial component of development of any country. They are necessary to anchor a theory of development. Just as in physics where one needs physical theory to develop advanced technology such as high technology, a theory of development is necessary to formulate a strategy for development with desired goals. The crucial component of any strategy for economic-industrial development is the generation of selected technology that can capture or participate in the global monopoly of the market and share the global surplus of exchange value available in developed countries. This is what the newly industrializing countries and territories did although not as systematically as we can do it now. For example, Taiwan monopolized the global market for FAX and Modem machines for twenty years. South Korea shared the global monopoly of integrated steel and electronic products such as cars and computers for about the same period Hong Kong did so in electronics and Singapore in electronics and publishing.
Just as the energy conservation law is the most fundamental law of nature and the backbone of the grand unified theory, a counterpart law of conservation of value is needed as foundation of a theory of development. Of course, other laws need to be discovered to anchor the theory and provide it with the capability to guide the formulation of strategy for economic-industrial development with desired goal for specific countries. The theory is necessarily a mixed of natural and social sciences and must have local and global components. There must be sharp distinction in strategy between developed and underdeveloped countries for they have radically different conditions and needs. Therefore, they have radically different goals. For developed countries, their problem is over abundance of surplus of exchange value that they cannot dispose. Consequently, production must slow down occasionally and reduce employment that further reduces the purchasing capability of the population. During the Great Depression of the 30s production was at stand still for several years and the lines to the soup kitchen for unemployed workers extended for miles. It is this abundance that drives the economic cycle in developed countries and since countries are globally linked together its impact extends to the underdeveloped countries. The developed countries, however, have devised buffers to soften the impact of the economic cycle so that today they no longer have the Great Depression of the 1930s that was terminated by the Second World War but mild and more rapid occurrence of recession.
For the underdeveloped countries the main problem is scarcity of surplus exchange value. Therefore, the main thrust of strategy is to advance production which requires the generation of selected advanced technology that can establish global monopoly of the market for a couple of decades to be a able to share the huge global surplus exchange value of developed countries. In the long haul such monopoly must be regulated by international agreements so that no country with some technology to offer will be denied access. At the moment only the developed countries and the NIC have it.
Both categories of countries, however, share common environmental problems whose remedy must be a component of development. One major factor that derails both industrial development and protection of the environment is the failure to recognize the distinction between them; to lump them up together dulls the analysis and formulation of strategies for both. Along with this is the failure to recognize that the single most devastating factor for the environment in the long run that derails development is underdevelopment for it compels the underdeveloped countries to rely on extractive industries for export such as mining and logging that ravage the environment and disrupt the ecology. Most of all, it wastes raw material resources since they are cheap and at the same time deprives future industries of this valuable resource. In this sense the Rio de Janeiro declaration of 1992 is counterproductive and puts a break on development and regeneration of the environment.
The radically different situations in the developed and underdeveloped countries, however, provide the basis for symbiotic relationship between them that complement each other’s situaion and the appropriate strategy for development for underdeveloped countries.
The paper concludes with the good news that the grand unified theory has brought us to the threshold of a new technological Epoch based on the conversion and direct utilization of the free, clean and inexhaustible dark matter to visible matter and energy that can wipe out the problem of underdevelopment and, perhaps, the problem of pollution and ecological destruction and elevate the human condition. The point here is for the underdeveloped countries to position themselves suitably at this threshold and choose their entry points to the global market monopoly. The open entry points are technologies belonging to the new Epoch since at this time high technology is monopolized mainly by the developed West, Japan and the NIC Just to have a sense of this new resource, the energy density of dark matter according to de Broglie is 10 raised to the exponent 26 joules per cubic foot or the equivalent of 10 raised to the exponent 18 kg per cubic meter using relativistic conversion or 10 raised to the exponent 8 volts/cm according to Seike Jr. It should be pointed out, however, that there are already some technologies belonging to this new Epoch. The magnetic train utilizes the energy of the flux of superstrings around a magnet (commonly known as magnetic flux). This was developed without a theory based on present knowledge of the properties of the magnet just as the steam engine of the 18th Century was invented long before the science of thermodynamics was developed. So is electric power generation developed at about the same time; it utilizes the same flux of superstrings around a magnet that is catapulted through the conductor at the speed of 10 raised to the exponent 17 km/sec. With the grand unified theory, however, our capacity to generate advanced technology has been amplified a thousand times and broadened its reach to the gravitational flux of the Earth that extends much farther than the Moon. The latter can radically improve travel within the Earth’s gravitational flux that extends far beyond the Moon.
References (as they appear in the journal article with information about the author)
[1] V. A. Atsukovsky, General ether-dynamics. Simulation of matter structures and
fields based on ideas about the gas-like ether. Energoatomizdat, Moscow,1990.
[2] Encarta Primium, 2006.
[3] E. E. Escultura, The solution of the gravitational n-body problem, Nonlinear
Analysis, Theory: Method and Applications (NA, TMA), 30(8), 1997, 5021 - 5032.
[4] E. E. Escultura, From macro to quantum gravity, Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in
Engineering Systems, 7(1), 2001, 56 – 78.
[5] E. E. Escultura, Turbulence: theory, verification and applications, NA,TMA,
47(2001), 5955 – 5966.
[6] E. E. Escultura, The mathematics of the grand unified theory, in press, NA, TMA.
[7] E. E. Escultura, The grand unified theory, NA,TMA, 69(3), 2008, 823 – 831.
[8] E. E. Escultura, Qualitative model of the atom, its components and origin in the early
universe, to appear, Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications.
[9] Escultura, E. E., The Pillars of the new physics and some updates, Nonlinear Studies,
14(3), 2007, 241 – 260.
[10] E. E. Escultura, The origin and evolution of biological species, submitted, The
Science of Healing Outcomes.
[11] E. E. Escultura, V. Lakshmikantham, S. Leela, S., The Grand Hybrid Unified Theory, book in press, Atlantis (Elsevier Science, Ltd.).
[12] I. L. Gerlovin, The Foundations of United Theory of Interactions in a Substance,
Leningrad: Energoattomizdat, Moscow, 1990
[13] B. V. Krylov, B. F. Shehegelov, Mathematical methods in the physiology of
sensory Systems, 2nd International Conference on Tools for Mathematical Modeling,
St. Petersburg, Russia, 1999.
[14] H. A. Nieper, Revolution in Technology, Medicine and Society, Management
Interessengemeinschaft für Tachyon-Feld-Energie, Odenburg, FRG, 1, 1984.
[15] G. S. Osipenko, A. N. Pokrovsky, B. V. Krylov, V. B. Plakhova, Math. Modeling
of pain sensation, 2nd International Conference on Mathematical Modeling, St.
Petersburg, Russia, 2000.
[16] Science, (a) Starbirth, gamma blast hint at active early Universe, 282(5395),
December, 1998, 1806; (b) Glow reveals early star nurseries, 281(5375), July 1998,
332 – 333.
[17] L. C. Young, Lectures on the Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control Theory,
W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1969.
E. E. Escultura, solved the gravitational n-body and turbulence problems (1997, 2001); proved Fermat’s last theorem false by counterexamples (1998); proved Goldbach’s conjecture (2002); developed the contradiction-free new real number system (consolidated in 2007); discovered the superstring, basic constituent of matter (1997); developed and consolidated the grand unified theory (GUT) (2008) and, now extended it to the grand unified natural dynamics; member of the Editorial Board of Nonlinear Studies.