Aboriginal Resistance
This list has been compiled from quotations in just three published sources, listed at the bottom of this page. There were, and are, many many more instances of resistance, but when this many are seen in such a long list they help to explode the myth that Europeans walked in here and took over without any real resistance. There is strong evidence that there was a long and protracted guerilla war here in Australia using many tactics including destruction of food sources, distruption of lines of supply and communication, spying, negotiating, killing the enemy, stealing of food, not just to deprive their enemy of it, but to provide for their own people in times when energy was used for meetings and fighting instead of hunting and gathering, stealing and learning to use our weapons, humiliating and demoralising the enemy, not cooperating with Europeans, and being generally disruptive.
We have made up this list as our contribution to the reconciliation process,
as we feel it is important to tell the truth, to explode myths that attempt
to trivialise Aboriginal people. Feel free to use this list and build on it.
(p.s. If you want to use this page in an assignment you should acknowledge credit and add the extra items that you have found -- your teachers know this page.)
Timeline of Aboriginal resistance, 1790-1997
- 1790-1802.
- NSW. Pemulwuy leads Aboriginal resistance to invasion. Pemulwuy was the first guerilla fighter. He was considered unable to be killed by bullets as he was shot seriously twice and survived both times.
- 1804.
- Georges River. Sydney Gazette reported that blacks had made a social
call on a farmer's wife and kept her talking while others cleared a whole
acre of corn and carried it off in canoes.
- 1804.
- Hawkesbury River. Three local blacks negotiated with Governor King
to retain some places on the lower part of the river, and they would not
trouble the white man. They said they objected to ever increasing settlement
along the river. King agreed.
- 1805.
- Flour rapidly won approval of, and became favoured targets of raids
on stations. 40 bushels of wheat stolen and secreted away on the fringes of
white settlement.
- 1816.
- NSW. 200 sheep destroyed on Malgoa estate.
- 1817.
- Tasmania. Musquito volunteered to track down bush rangers in return
for his freedom as promised by the Governor of Tasmania. Even though Michael
Howe (Bushranger) was caught Musquito did not get his freedom. After this
he became the leader of a group which later linked with another group from
Oyster Bay.
- 1820's.
- Tasmania. The clans had mastered guns. Robinson discovered the
Aborigines had hidden caches of guns they could use proficiently and
accurately.
- 1820's.
- Tasmania. Reports of blacks using guns to attack Europeans.
- 1820's.
- Tasmania. Fire was use systematically and with great effect, to
the point where the whites feared the extinction of the whole colony.
- 1822-1824.
- Murray River. Windrayne leads Wiradjuri Resistance.
- 1827-1830.
- Tasmania. The accumulation of private injury and personal
tragedy fused to produce the bitter racial hatred and desperate resistance
of the Black War.
- 1830's & 1840's.
- The occupation of the northern pastoral frontier of NSW
and Qld caused a burgeoning of racial violence as pastoralists moved deeper
into Aboriginal territory.
- 1830.
- Tasmania. Aborigines beat 100 ewes to death.
- 1831-1833.
- Yagan leads Nyungar Resistance.
- 1830's.
- Bathurst. A ceremony was held by Aborigines to ask help of the
Great Spirit against the havoc caused by 'civilisation'.
- 1830's.
- Port Essington. Reports of Aboriginal parties expressing their
confidence of their superiority in the bush by turning their backs on
pursuing Europeans and slapping their buttocks in derision.
- 1830.
- Lake Alexandrina. Explorer Sturts party noticed smoke signals
preceding them when they were crossing Lake Alexandrina.
- 1830.
- Tasmania. Settlers found a hundredweight of flour baked into
dampers and stored by Aborigines.
- 1832.
- Tasmania. Robinson was shown a hollow tree armoury containing
muskets.
- 1835.
- N.S.W. Explorer Mitchell found his movements monitored and reported
by smoke signals at the Darling River.
- 1839.
- The Gwydir. A squatter observed that he believed that the whole
British army would be unable to apprehend one tribe in his district.
- 1840's.
- Victoria. A group of blacks confronted 16 armed and mounted whites
using shields of bark.
- 1840's.
- Wide Bay. A settler reported he had followed a group of Aborigines
who had successfully taken 500 sheep over two mountains, through a mile and
a half of rain forest and on to another mountain.
- 1840's.
- Grampions. A native police detachment pursued a group of Aborigines
for eight days through gullies, over ridges and across mountain streams
where the blacks had made bridges strong enough for the troop horses to pass
over.
- 1840.
- Western District. Squatters followed a group of blacks into almost
inaccessible mountains and discovered a very ingeniously constructed brush
yard where stolen sheep had been kept during the night.
- 1840's.
- Darling Downs. Reports of Aboriginal parties expressing their
confidence of their superiority in the bush by turning their backs on
pursuing Europeans and slapping their buttocks in derision.
- 1840's.
- Victoria. Reports of blacks using guns to attack Europeans.
- 1840's.
- Northern NSW. Pioneer settler E.O. Ogilvie came across a group of
blacks living in hostile seclusion in the mountains. The blacks told him to
return to his station, You have the river and the open country and you ought
to be content and leave the mountains to the black people Ogilvie told them
he wanted to live in peace and wanted nothing in their territory except the
grass. An agreement was reached.
- 1840.
- Melbourne. Several hundred Aborigines assembled at a station and
threatened to burn down the huts saying that they 'did not care for white
men as they had more muskets than them, showing at the same time nearly
thirty guns.
- 1840.
- Port Phillip. Aborigines, angered at an unprovoked capture, temporary
imprisonment, and killing of 2 of their men, channel their anger into magic
in order to unleash the horrifying power of Mindye, the rainbow serpent on
the whites and blacks who were friendly with them. This was very disruptive
as most of the local blacks left or became uncooperative.
- 1840.
- Gippsland. Blacks attacked a station and took everything that was
movable.
- 1840.
- Ovens River. Dr. Mackay's station attacked and destroyed. Animals
killed or driven off, buildings and other property burned.
- 1840.
- Victoria. David Waugh's station destroyed. Shepherds killed, sheep
run off, everything taken.
- 1842.
- Port Fairy. Settlers petitioned the Superintendent computing their
collective losses over a few months at 3600 sheep, 100 cattle and 10 horses.
- 1842.
- McIntyre. Aborigines killed a horse.
- 1842.
- New England plateau. 1200 ewes and lambs killed and burnt.
- 1843.
- Portland district. A flock of 480 sheep was stolen by Aborigines,
and the squatter and his men had to persue them across country for 250 miles.
- 1843.
- Mooney River. Shepherds told by blacks that they intended to kill or
drive all the whites off the Mooney, McIntyre and Barwon Rivers'.
- 1843.
- Road from Ipswich to Darling Downs. The road was barricaded with
logs, and the stalled drays attacked by blacks from surrounding vegetation.
Two separate sources suggest the objective was to prevent all supplies
reaching the properties, thereby starving them out.
- 1843-1846.
- McIntyre River district. One writer suggests 100 horses killed
in this district. A northern squatter wrote to the Maitland Mercury in 1843
saying that the blacks had told him they would destroy all his horses, thus
stopping the men from attending to the cattle.
- 1844/45.
- John Mann, member of Leichhardt's party, observed that they were
under surveillance by the Aborigines and that the camps were overturned as
soon as they were vacated.
- 1845.
- Portland. The Portland Gazette reported that the local blacks were
adopting iron spears and were systematically attacking cattle herds with
them.
- June 1845.
- Mitchell River. Explorer John Gilbert was killed by spear.
- 1846.
- Liverpool Plains. 400 ewes killed on Cobb's Station.
- 1846.
- Moreton Bay. Several acres of Maize taken in one night.
- 1846.
- Spencer Gulf. When a party of police surprised an Aboriginal camp at
the head of Spencer Gulf the police were unable to follow them because of
the rocky surface.
- 1848.
- Brisbane River. 40 cattle drowned.
- 13/12/1848.
- Qld. Explorer Edmund Kennedy was killed by spear.
- 1849.
- Adelaide. Aborigines warned that 'clever men' were about to create
havoc in the town.
- 1851.
- Maranoa. Local magistrates met and petitioned the local native
police officer detailing the losses sustained by the squatters which
amounted to 6000 cattle and 2000 sheep in eighteen months.
- 1851.
- Wide River. A squatter reported he'd been warned that when the
Bunya was ripe the blacks intended to take all the sheep and kill all the
white men.
- 1852.
- Maryborough. The Commissioner for Crown Lands explained that local
clans had taken his sweet potatoes despite a watchdog and a paling fence 6
& 1/2 feet high.
- 1856.
- Fitzroy River. Local blacks assembled in large numbers when Charles
Archer tried to cross, and said they intended to attack and destroy any
whites who tried to go in that direction.
- 1857.
- Hornet Bank. All whites but one were killed in revenge of the
beating and raping of two young Aboriginal girls.
- 1858.
- Camboon Station. 4 shepherds were besieged, and told by the blacks
that they would take the lives of all the white men in the country.
- 1860's.
- Maranoa. Reports of Aboriginal parties expressing their confidence
of their superiority in the bush by turning their backs on pursuing
Europeans and slapping their buttocks in derision.
- 1861.
- Coopers Creek. William Howitt, explorer, told a story of meeting
an Aborigine, a Dieri called Jelinapiramurana who asked him if he would tell
the white men who were coming up to his country, according to the information
sent him by tribes further down, that they should sit down on the one side of
Lake Hope and the local clans would sit down on the other so that they
would not be likely to quarrel.
- Oct. 1861.
- Cullinlaringoe. Nineteen Europeans killed in a revenge attack
for an unprovoked attack by Native Police.
- 1867.
- Qld. Police found, in a camp near Marysborough, three hundredweight
of sweet potatoes & two foot pile of damper stored by Aborigines.
- 1867.
- Qld. John Yeates property raided several times in 3 months. He
ended up abandoning the farm.
- 1870's.
- Road from Cooktown to Palmer. A recent study has determined that
133 horses were killed on this road in 6 years during the 1870's.
- 1870's.
- Don River. Raids on corn crops.
- 1873/74.
- Fort Mueller. Large well organised attacks reported by explorer
Giles on his 4th expedition.
- 1873.
- Bowen. Farmers complained that blacks had stolen crops growing
within 10 yards of their huts.
- 1874.
- North Qld. A large gathering of blacks made two effigies of white
men, then attacked the effigies with their tomahawks, cutting them to pieces.
- 1880's.
- 'Northern rainforest'. Christie Palmerston was challenged by a
small hostile party.
- 1880's-90's.
- Cape York. Reports of blacks using guns to attack Europeans.
- 1880.
- Governor Hunter wrote that the Aborigines were aware of the power to
reduce to extreme distress the Europeans with the use of fire, and had that
they threatened to do so.
- 1882.
- Yarrabah Peninsula. A European group who landed on the peninsula was
monitored reported on by smoke signals.
- 1883.
- Edward Curr translated Aboriginal song about stealing horses.
- 1883.
- Brisbane. The Brisbane Courier estimates that in the previous 10
years over 200 horses had been speared.
- 1884.
- Police found stockyard in bush with two horses which were being
regularly fed and ridden by local Aborigines.
- 1884.
- Battle Mountain. Kalkadoons fight Europeans on Battle Mountain.
- 1886.
- Victoria. Barak leads struggle for right to `permanent ' residence
on Corranderrk reserve in Victoria.
- 1888.
- Barron Valley. Farms raided heavily when corn was ripe.
- 1888-1890.
- Kimberleys. Jandamurra leads resistance in The Kimberleys.
- 1890's.
- Central Australia. Reports of Aboriginal parties expressing their
confidence of their superiority in the bush by turning their backs on
pursuing Europeans and slapping their buttocks in derision.
- 1890.
- Northern Territory. Welleroo Station burnt and looted. Almost
everything movable taken.
- 1891.
- Temple Downs station. Reports of Aboriginal parties expressing their
confidence of their superiority in the bush by turning their backs on
pursuing Europeans and slapping their buttocks in derision.
- 1938.
- Sesqui Centenary Day of Mourning.
- 1949.
- Pindan Movement established.
- 1963.
- Yirrkala petition Parliament about excision of their lands by Nabalco.
- 1965.
- Freedom Ride Bus Tour through N.S.W. as a protest against racism.
- 1966.
- Gurindji walk off Wave Hill station.
- 1968.
- Yirrkala take out supreme court writs against Nabalco and Australian
Government.
- 1970.
- Out station movement commences, Aboriginal Histories and Literature
emerge, VAAL Campaign succeeds in gaining freehold title for residents of
Lake Tyers and Framlingham Reserves.
- 1971.
- Aboriginal Legal Service is established at Redfern.
- 1972.
- Kooris establish Tent Embassy at Parliament House Canberra.
- 1974.
- Parkjur Ltd. Established. Now known as The Western Districts
Foundation Aboriginal Corporation, St Mary`s.
- 1975.
- Commonwealth Parliament passes the Racial Discrimination Act.
- 1976.
- Commonwealth Parliament passes the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern
Territory) Act.
- 1977.
- Wiradjuri prosecute Australian and British Governments for unlawful
dispossession.
- 1978.
- The Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Ordinance,
institutuing prosecution for trespass and desecration of Aboriginal sites
is passed. The Kimberly Land Council is formed. The Northern Territory is
given self-government by the Fraser Government.
- 1980.
- Link-Up is established to reunite Aborigines with the families that
they were taken from.
- 1982.
- Eddie Mabo commences proceedings in the High Court of Australia.
- 1985.
- Uluru (Ayres Rock) and Katatjura (Mt. Olgas) are repossessed by their
traditional owners.
- 1987.
- The Black Rights Committee wins fight for Royal Commission into Black
Deaths in Custody.
- 26/01/1988.
- Aborigines March for Justice, Freedom and Hope in Sydney. The
26th January becomes known as Survival Day.
- 1991.
- The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody presents its
report and Recommendations to the Federal Government.
- 1991.
- High Court hears argument in MABO (no 2); Queensland Parliament
passes the Aboriginal Land Act and the Torres Strait Islander Land Act.
- 1993.
- United Nations Year of Indigenous People is celebrated. Second World
Indigenous Youth Conference is held in Darwin. Federal Government passes
Native Title Act.
- 16/03/1995.
- The high Court unanimously upholds the validity of the Native
Title Act and strikes down the Western Australian legislation.
- 1997.
- The Wik people win their land rights case.
References.
Reynolds, Henry. The Other Side of the Frontier.
Ringwood, Vic : Penguin, 1982.
Hooper, Meredith. Doctor Hunger & Captain Thirst.
North Ryde, NSW : Methuen, 1982.
Peach, Bill. The Explorers.
Sydney, NSW : ABC Enterprises, 1984.
Timeline compiled by: Julie Patterson
Page compiled by: Julanna Hennessy
This page created on 11th April 1999.