Richard James and Sarah Harvey

This couple came from Sancreed, Cornwall, where the Sancreed Online Parish Clerk has kindly transcribed the old parish registers and made the information available on the internet. This is my only source of information for events from before the 1841 census, and matching baptism records with subsequent marriage or burial records involves a certain amount of guesswork. But some plausible facts emerge.

Sarah Harvey's parents and their children

The parents of Sarah Harvey were Thomas Harvey and Sarah Lanyon, who were married at Sancreed on 14/8/1795. The 1841 census records for Sancreed show a Thomas and Sally Harvey, both aged 65, living at Trannack. Thomas was a farmer. There was one other person in their household: a five year old child named Elizabeth Grenfell, who I believe was their granddaughter. To maximize possible confusion for the genealogist, there was another 65 year old farmer named Thomas Harvey with a wife named Sarah living at nearby St Buryan; probably these people were the Thomas Harvey and Sarah Mitchell who were married in St Levan on 22/3/1800. An online image of the marriage record shows that this Thomas Harvey was from St Buryan.

A tinner named Richard Harvey and a Catharine Harvey of Buryan were married at Sancreed on 1/6/1762. They had the following children, baptized on the indicated dates: Richard (28/2/1763), Grace (21/10/1764), Catharine (3/8/1766), Samuel (12/6/1768), Thomas (7/10/1770) and Samuel (17/11/1773). I think it is likely that this Thomas is the one who married Sarah Lanyon in 1795, although he would have already been over 70 on census day in 1841. The 1841 census does not show any Thomas Harveys aged over 70 in this part of Cornwall; nevertheless, there is a Sancreed burial record dated 23/4/1845 for a Thomas Harvey who was aged 77 at his death. The online image at FamilySearch.org reveals that he lived at Trannock. So I think that his age was understated in the census return.

I have been unable to locate any likely baptism record for Sarah Lanyon. The Sancreed Parish Register contains many entries for people named Lanyon, but no baptisms of Sarah Lanyons. There were Sarah Lanyons baptized in Madron and in St Buryan in 1769, either of whom might have been the one that married Thomas Harvey, despite the fact that they would both have been over 70 in 1841. But since Sarah and Thomas were married in Sancreed one would expect that Sarah was born in Sancreed.

A Sarah Harvey of Trannock died in 1846 and was buried on 23/4/1846. (Again, FamilySearch.org provide an online image of the original record.) Her age at death was recorded as 83, and although this is incompatible with the age 65 in the census record, I expect that both records refer to the same person. How old she actually was is anybody's guess.

There are Sancreed baptism records for the following children whose parents were named Thomas and Sarah Harvey:

• Elizabeth (6/1/1797),
• Richard (6/1/1797),
• Thomas (8/7/1798),
• William (28/3/1801),
• Sarah (13/2/1803),
• Catharine (30/5/1805).

There was also a Mary Bosustow Harvey with parents named Thomas and Sarah baptized on 10/6/1800 at St Levan, but I presume that her parents were the couple married at St Levan on 22/3/1800 rather than the couple married in Sancreed in 1795.

I do not know whether Elizabeth and Richard were twins, or merely baptized on the same day. The general impression I get by comparing baptism dates with ages given in census returns is that in Cornwall at this time most children were baptized when only a few weeks old; nevertheless, there were many who were not baptized until older. The census returns tell me that Elizabeth was 40 in 1841, 55 in 1851 and 64 in 1861, while Richard was 45 in 1841, 54 in 1851, 64 in 1861, 74 in 1871 and 84 in 1881. Elizabeth's burial record, from 15/7/1865, gives her age as 70, while Richard's burial record, from 24/5/1882, gives his age as 84. It is actually possible that Richard's ages were correctly reported on each occasion: if so, his date of birth would have been in very late May or very early June in 1796, quite an appropriate time given that his parents were married in August 1795. In any event I think it is reasonably certain that Richard was born in middle or late 1796, so that if Elizabeth was not his twin then she must have been the older of the two. The various records of Elizabeth's age are inconsistent with each other, and there is not really enough evidence to be confident, but I am inclined to think that they were twins.

Elizabeth

Elizabeth married John Casley at Sancreed on 8/3/1834. The parish register records that the groom was from the parish of St Just, the bride from Sancreed. The witnesses were Richard Harvey – surely the bride's brother – and John Grenfell. I presume that this was the John Grenfell who married Elizabeth's younger sister Catherine one month later.

Census records from 1841 and 1851 show John and Elizabeth Casley living in St Just parish with a daughter named Elizabeth. John was a tin miner. His age in 1851 is given as 47 and his place of birth as St Just; so it appears highly likely that he was the son of Thomas and Mary Casley baptized at St Just on 3/10/1803. I also think it likely that he can be identified with the John Casley who died in 1859 and was buried at St Just on 15/6/1859. Although the burial record gives his age as 57, which is too high, it also gives his residence as Bosavern, which is the same as his address as given in the 1841 census.

FamilySearch.org has the baptism at St Just of Elizabeth Casley, daughter of John and Elizabeth, on 25/5/1834. This is in agreement with the 1851 census record, which gives her age as 17. She married William Casley at St Just on 4/8/1860. The marriage record tells us that the bride was 26, residing at Bosavern, that her father was named John Casley and was a miner, and that the groom was a 24 year old farmer, residing at Kelynack, son of Thomas William Casley who was also a farmer. The 1861 and 1871 households of William and Elizabeth Casley were as follows.

The John Grenfell here was a nephew of Elizabeth Casley senior (William's mother-in-law). I have been unable to determine if George Harry was related to the Matthew Harry who married Elizabeth Harvey, daughter of Elizabeth Casley's brother Thomas.

Elizabeth died in 1865: she was buried at St Just on 15/7/1865.

Richard

Richard married Grace Roberts at St Levan on 19/1/1828. The witnesses were Henry Roberts and Thomas Harvey. Grace was probably the Grace Harvey Roberts, daughter of John and Catherine Roberts, who was baptized at St Levan on 4/11/1798; the witness Henry Roberts was probably her brother, who was baptized on 7/11/1804. The witness Thomas Harvey could have been the groom's father or brother.

Richard and Grace had the following children: William (31/3/1828), Nanny Roberts (10/5/1829), Richard (23/5/1831), Thomas (18/1/1833), Sarah (19/10/1834), Henry (9/3/1836) and Joseph (23/5/1841). It seems likely that the first-born, William, died in infancy, since an infant William Harvey was buried on 24/6/1828 at Sancreed. At the 1841 census the other children are all found in their parents' household at Trannack, Sancreed. At the 1851 census the household was as follows.

I cannot locate Nanny Harvey in the 1851 census, but she is back in 1861. Her age is given as 27, although in fact she was at least 31. In 1871 Richard, Grace and Nanny are living at Grumbler, Sancreed; Richard is now a retired farmer, and Nanny is merely 35 years old. Grace died in 1871, and was buried on 30/10/1871. Nanny married John Rowe in the June quarter of 1873, and at the 1881 census John Rowe's household (at 3 Trevedran, St Buryan) includes his 84 year old father-in-law Richard Harvey. Nanny Rowe was only 40 years old in 1881! Richard Harvey died in 1882, and was buried on 24/5/1882 at Sancreed.

Thomas

Thomas Harvey married Maria Osborn at Madron on 25/12/1830. At the 1841 census his household was as follows.

The age given for Thomas is not consistent with his baptism in 1798, but the 1851 census record gives his age 53, which does match the baptism.

There are Sancreed baptism records for the following children of Thomas and Maria: Anna Maria (28/10/1832), Mary (18/5/1834) and Louisa (6/5/1836). In each case the family's residence is given as Ennestreven and Thomas' occupation as Farmer or Landholder. Google maps show me that Ennestreven Farm and Trannack are close to one another; so I think it is possible that the address given in the census record refers to the same place as that given in the baptism records. I suppose that Hannah of the 1841 census can be identified with Anna Maria of the baptism, and that she was actually 8 rather than 7 in 1841. Similarly, Mary was 6 rather than 5. Louisa died in infancy and was buried on 20/7/1836.

FreeBMD shows marriages of three Catherine Harveys registered in Penzance between 1845 and 1860, but in each case FamilySearch.org or the Cornwall Online Parish Clerks provide enough information to show that the bride was not the daughter of Thomas and Maria. There was an unmarried 20 year old servant named Catherine Harvey living in Sancreed in 1851, in the household of one Thomas Thomas, and the death of a Catherine Harvey was registered in Penzance in the December quarter of 1853. Whether or not this was the daughter of Thomas and Maria I cannot say; however, I prefer to hope that she was the otherwise mysterious Catharine Odgers who was a witness at the marriage of her sister Mary in 1856.

I cannot locate Anna Maria Harvey in the 1851 census, but she married William Rodda in the December quarter of 1854. At the 1861 census her son, Thomas Harvey Rodda, is found in the household of his grandparents Thomas and Maria, at Trannack. The 1871 census shows William and Hannah Rodda, with a family of 8 children, living at 7 Stanford Terrace, Penzance. William is a butcher, as are his eldest two sons, Thomas (16) and Francis (15). The other children are William (12), Alfred (11), John (10), Elizabeth (7), Mary (2) and James (5m).

Mary Harvey married George Pownell Lawry, a "wagoner" of Phillack, on 6/9/1856. At the 1861 census their household was as follows.

The daughter Mary and the son William both died in 1862: Mary was buried on 12/11/1862 and William was buried on 7/11/1862. George and Mary subsequently had two more children named William and Mary, who at the 1871 census were aged 8 and 6 respectively.

Thomas and Maria's youngest daughter, Elizabeth, married Matthew Harry, a cordwainer, on 28/6/1860. They had two children before Matthew died in 1864. In the December quarter of 1868 Elizabeth married Richard Matthews, and at the 1871 census the Matthews household was as follows.

William

I do not know what became of William, the son of Thomas and Sarah Harvey baptized on 28/3/1801. Possibly he was the William Harvey who was buried at Sancreed on 26/4/1818, although he would actually have been 17 rather than 16.

Sarah

Sarah married Richard James at Sancreed on 6/11/1825. The witness's were Sarah's brother and sister Richard and Elizabeth Harvey. Richard, Sarah and family are discussed below.

Catherine

Catherine married John Grenfell, of St Just, at Sancreed on 5/4/1834. The witnesses were the bride's brothers Richard and Thomas. By 1841 John and Catherine had five children: a 5 year old daughter named Elizabeth who was in the household of her grandparents Thomas and Sarah Harvey on census night 1841, and four others who were at home.

A 39 year old John Grenfell was buried at St Just on 18/1/1843. I conjecture that this was Catherine's husband, and that after his death she returned to Sancreed, but died there in October 1843. Although the St Just burial record (for the date 25/10/1843) does not give her age, it gives her residence as Sancreed. At the 1851 census the children were scattered: Jane was still residing at Nancherrow, St Just, she was a lodger in the household of one James Eddy, her occupation being "copper ore dresser"; Elizabeth was a domestic servant, visiting her sister Jane in Jame's Eddy's household on census day; Catherine was a general servant on the household of a mason named John Chudleigh at Madron; Eliza and John were in the Penzance Union House at Madron, described as pauper scholars (their surname recorded as Grenfells rather than Grenfell). As mentioned above, 1861 and 1871 census records show John Grenfell as a boarder in the household William and Elizabeth Casley. In 1861 there is a 23 year old cook named Eliza Grenfell in the household of one William Arthur Glasson at Madron, but I have been unable to trace Eliza further than that. Catherine married John Matthews at St Just on 14/8/1864, while Elizabeth married John Jenkin at Madron on 13/8/1864. Jane remained unmarried until the September quarter of 1879, when she married a widower named Thomas Stanley.

Richard James' parents and their children

See Mark Hattam's Sancreed Gallery
John James grave

Richard James was baptized at Sancreed on 9/2/1801; his parents were named John and Elizabeth. It seems that he had an elder brother named John who was baptized on 20/7/1794, and no other siblings. It is possible that their parents were the John James and Elizabeth Rowe who were married at Sancreed on 23/11/1793, although the parish register says that this John was "of Madron". While it is quite possible that this couple went to live in Madron after their marriage, it is also possible that they stayed in Sancreed. Perhaps John James of Madron had moved permanently to Sancreed shortly before his marriage. Moreover, as we shall see below, there is perhaps some circumstantial evidence that the John James who was the father of Richard was related by marriage to the Rowes of Sancreed.

The Sancreed parish register has baptisms for only two Elizabeth Row(e)s between 1750 and 1787: Richard and Jane Row had a daughter named Elizabeth baptized on 16/6/1767, and William and Anne Row had a daughter named Elizabeth baptized on 3/6/1770. Of course there may have been others of the same name born in Sancreed in this time interval, but we can hope that there were not too many. As well as the Elizabeth Rowe who married John James, there were two other Elizabeth Rowe's married in Sancreed between 1780 and 1810: one of them married Thomas Trevail on 23/9/1786, the other married Hugh Foss on 7/2/1801. Elizabeth Trevail's burial record from 4/3/1824 gives her age as 64, probably too old to be the Elizabeth Row baptized in 1767. Elizabeth Foss's burial record from 9/9/1827 gives her age as 56, too young to have been baptized in 1767. Maybe Elizabeth Foss was actually 57 when she died, and was the daughter of William and Ann Row. In any event, I conjecture that the Elizabeth Rowe who married John James was the daughter of Richard and Jane Row baptized in 1767.

Richard and Jane Row had other children: Richard (17/8/1754), Richard (19/9/1756), Jane (21/9/1759), Mary (22/8/1762) and John (22/3/1765). This John Row was probably the 81 year old John Rowe who died in 1844, buried at Sancreed on 17/11/1844. The 1841 census shows him living at Trerice, Sancreed, his age given as 75 and his occupation as "independent". The others in his household are Sarah Rowe (45), Eliza Rowe (30), Richard Rowe (35, a farmer), Mary Rowe (35), Mary Rowe (3) and Philip Hosken (15, a servant). Baptism records exist for Sarah Rowe (20/5/1792), Eliza Rowe (4/1/1807) and Richard Rowe (18/12/1803); in each case the parents' names were John and Elizabeth. Living in an adjacent household at Trerice in 1841 we find a 35 year old shoe maker named James Rowe and his family; there was a James Rowe, son of John and Elizabeth, baptized on 17/6/1804. The interesting thing is that another household adjacent to John Rowe's contains Richard and Sarah James and family.

So according to my theory Richard James was essentially living next door to his uncle John Rowe.

It seems reasonable to assume that the 70 year old John James in Richard James' 1841 household was his father, and hence – if my guesses are correct – the brother-in-law of John Rowe living next door. (Because 1841 census ages were rounded down, John James may have actually been as old as 74.) I guess that Richard's mother was the 71 year old Elizabeth James of Sellan who was buried at Sancreed on 25/1/1838; this is quite compatible with the baptism date of 16/6/1767. Note however, that there were one or two other similarly aged women named Elizabeth James in Sancreed at this time: in Sancreed between 1788 and 1811 there were fourteen baptisms of children whose parents were named Thomas and Elizabeth James, and there were marriages in 1787 and 1794 in which the groom was named Thomas James and the bride's forename was Elizabeth. It is quite possible that Richard's mother was the 72 year old Elizabeth James buried at Sancreed on 22/1/1837.

John Rowe died at age 81, and was buried on 17/11/1844. At the 1851 census we find an 82 year old widower named John James living at Great Sellan, Sancreed, in the household of a 57 year old Sarah Rowe, whose occupation is "Small Shop Keeper Grocer". John James' occupation is "tea dealer". The others in the household are Sarah's nieces Lucy Ann Rowe (10) and Elizabeth Rowe (14). There is no doubt that Lucy Ann Rowe was Lucy Anne Doddridge Rowe, baptized on 2/8/1840, the daughter of James Rowe the shoemaker. James, with his wife Mary and five other children, was also living at Great Sellan. I had a great deal of difficulty identifying Elizabeth, but I have come to the conclusion that she must actually be Mary Elizabeth Brokenshaw Rowe, the elder sister of Lucy who was baptized on 11/5/1837. In any case it is clear that the Sarah Rowe at Great Sellan in 1851 is the same Sarah Rowe who was at Trerice in 1841, the daughter of John Rowe. It is unfortunate for my theory that the 1851 census record of Sarah Rowe's houshold does not specify the relationship between John James and Sarah Rowe. I think that he should have been described as her uncle, since his late wife Elizabeth was Sarah's father's sister.

I cannot be totally certain that the John James in Sarah Rowe's 1851 household was Richard James' father, but my guess is that he was. He died in 1857, buried on 30/1/1857. There is a photograph of his grave in the Sancreed album of Mark Hattam's gallery. The inscription on the gravestone reads as follows: "In Memory of John James, of this parish, (For many years highly esteemed as a Wesleyan local preacher.) Who died Jan 26th 1857, Aged 87 Years. This stone is erected as a tribute of respect, to one of whom it might be said, "Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom There is no Guile." Note that burial record has his age as 88 even though the gravestone says 87. If 88 is correct then he could have been the son of James and Rebecca James baptized at St Just in Penwith on 4/4/1768. (Note that the census record gives his birthplace as St Just.)

I have not been able to discover anything about Richard James' elder brother John (baptized on 20/7/1794). There was also a John James baptized on 20/5/1792, and another baptized on 3/1/1802. In each case the parents were named Thomas and Elizabeth; however, since there may well have been two couples named Thomas and Elizabeth James, we cannot conclude that the John born in 1792 died before 1802. A John James was buried in 1822, but his age at death was 26, and this does not match any of the baptisms. There were also three marriages: John James married Mary Warren on 5/8/1822, John James married Margery Hix on 31/12/1823, and John James married Mary Rowe on 29/12/1827. In each case the groom and bride were both of Sancreed parish. In the 1851 census we find a 46 year old John James with a 48 year old wife named Mary; it looks fairly certain that this is the couple who were married in 1827, and the husband is certainly not the John James baptized in 1794. We also find in the 1851 census that John James husband of Margery is 59, a little older than we would expect if he were baptized in 1794. So while it is not impossible that Margery's husband was Richard's brother, my guess is that he was not.

Richard James and family

In 1847 the Phoebe brought 230 immigrants to South Australia from London and Plymouth, arriving on March 27th. The passenger list includes a widower named Richard James and his three children, whose names are not given, as well as Elizabeth James, Sally James, Mary Jane James and Catherine James. Recall (see above) that at the time of the 1841 census Richard and Sarah James had eight children: Elizabeth, Sally, Mary Jane, Catherine, John, Richard, William and Thomas. It turns out that before the end of 1842 the two youngest boys had died and another daughter was born. So the three children referred to on the passenger list evidently were John and Richard, and the youngest daughter, Eliza.

Sancreed parish records include the following baptisms:

• 4/7/1826, Elizabeth, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Sancreed,
• 24/8/1828, Sally Harvey, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Trice,
• 30/5/1830, Mary Jane, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Trice,
• 30/12/1832, Catherine, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Trerice,
• 3/4/1834, John, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Trerice,
• 7/8/1836, Richard, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Trice,
• 24/1/1841, Thomas Henry, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sally James of Trerice,
• 27/11/1842, Eliza, child of Richard (Farmer) & Sarah James of Trerice.

The second youngest son, William, is missing, but his birth was registered in the September quarter of 1838.

Sancreed parish records also include the following burials:

• Thomas Henry James of Trerice (infant) buried on 29/9/1841, and
• William James of Trerice (aged 4) buried on 27/11/1842.

(The fact that these two children were from Trerice is recorded on the Sancreed OPC's list of burials.)

I do not know how or when Richard's wife Sarah died; apparently there is no Sancreed burial record for her. Deaths of women named Sarah James were registered at Penzance in the September quarter of 1845 and the June quarter of 1846.

A South Australian family history web site has a searchable list of pre-1850 immigrants and has attempted to identify the immigrants with people appearing in later South Australian records. They guessed that Richard's three children on the passenger list were all girls, named Margaret, Mary and Eliza. I prefer my guess: two boys (John and Richard) and one girl (Eliza).

Richard James died on June 30th 1887, and is buried at Mount Torrens in the Adelaide Hills. The following words of C. Varley appear on his gravestone:

According to the newspaper death notice shown below, Richard was 86 years and 3 months old at his death, which would mean that he was born in March 1801. This is inconsistent with the claim (made above) that he was baptized on 9/2/1801, but I cannot find any better matching baptism record. I think that he was probably actually 86 years and 4 months old at his death.

The Advertiser 6/7/1887

From records and information passed down through the family I know that Elizabeth James married Thomas Hutchens, and that Mary Jane James married William Hicks. A search of South Australian marriage and birth records uncovered information relating to the other James children.

• Elizabeth James m. Thomas Hutchens, 1850.

• A Sarah James (age 21) married John Jonas (age 21) on 9/3/1850 at Wesleyan Chapel. However, this was apparently not Sally Harvey James, since there is a death registration of Salley Harvey James, aged 77, unmarried, resident of Mount Torrens, died 21/7/1906. She is buried with her father. Observe that on her gravestone her name is given as "Sarah".

• Catherine James (age 24) married James Ebenezer Froud (age 23) on 14/7/1856; they had children named Francis Joseph (29/3/1857 at Stepney), Adelaide Grace (3/6/1859 at Woolshed Flat) and Isabella Jane (1865 at Willunga). The birth record for Isabella has her father's name as James Ebenezer Froude and her mother's name as Catherine Harvy, where it should say Catherine James, but we can surely safely deduce that the Catherine James who married James Ebenezer Froud was indeed Catherine Harvey James.

  The Advertiser 28/5/1901 The Advertiser 16/12/1902

  The Advertiser 4/8/1937

  The Advertiser 6/8/1937

  Catherine Froude and James E. Froude both died in 1906. James died on 6/11/1906 and was buried in the West Terrace Cemetery on 8/11/1906. According to a funeral notice in The Advertiser, Catherine was buried in the West Terrace Cemetery on 8/5/1906, but she does not seem to be in the Adelaide Cemetery Authority database.

  The Advertiser 8/5/1906

  The Advertiser 7/11/1906

  I have not been able to discover anything further about Francis Joseph Froud, the son of James and Catherine born in 1857.

  Adelaide Grace Froud married George Rae in 1898. I believe that they did not have any children. George Rae died on 7/3/1921, and in 1923 Grace Rae married Henry Pitman. Adelaide Grace Pitman died on 16/2/1945, and is buried in the West Terrace Cemetery with her first husband. A Rose Linda Cole who died on 29/4/1906 (aged 39) is buried in the same location, but I have not discovered if or how she was related to George or Adelaide Grace.

  
  The Advertiser 17/2/1945

  Isabella Jane Froude (36, daughter of James Ebenezer) married William James (42, widower, father's name not given) on 25/9/1901, at the residence of J. E. Froude, Adelaide. Isabella and William had a son named Gilbert Eric, born in 1902.

  Isabella and William were first cousins, since William was William Harvey James, the illegitimate son of Catherine Froude's sister Sally Harvey James. He was born on 7/4/1859, near Mount Torrens, and on 4/8/1882 (aged 23) he married Katharina Louisa Minna Friedrichs (26, daughter of Heinrich Friedrichs) at the Wesleyan Parsonage on Pirie Street, Adelaide. William and Minna had three children: Emily Sarah (born in 1882, died in 1886), Frank (born in 1887, died in 1889) and Mabel (born in 1888, died in 1909). Minna died in 1889.

  The Advertiser 6/1/1948

  The Advertiser 7/10/1942

  Belle James died on 2/1/1948, aged 82, and is buried with her husband William in the Mount Torrens Cemetery. William died in January 1942, possibly on the 28th, although the relevant numerals have unfortunately disappeared from the headstone. He would have been 82 years old at his death, which is probably consistent with the information that formerly appeared on his headstone. Note that William was already dead when his son Gilbert James married Gwenneth Brookes, on 10/10/1942.

  Genealogy SA's database of newspaper death notices reveals that Gilbert Eric (Bert) James died in 1975.

  
  

• Mary Jane James (age 28) married William Hicks (son of Armon Hicks) on 26/4/1859; they had children named Mary Jane (9/4/1860–30/4/1882), William (17/7/1862), Armon (24/3/1864), Elizabeth (16/3/1866), Richard James (8/10/1872–11/2/1949) and Frank Henry (13/12/1874–3/3/1884), all born at Mt Torrens. William's age at his marriage is recorded as 37, while the death record gives his age on 29/1/1901 as 87. Yet his gravestone (at Mount Torrens) clearly states his age as 91 years. So all we can really say is that he was probably born some time between 1809 and 1822.

  Mary Jane's gravestone is not as legible as William's. It is in the shape of a cross, with the word "mother" clearly displayed, and on the base it is just possible to read

  In loving memory
  of
  Mary Jane
  beloved wife of the late
  W. Hicks
  died April 9th 1915

  Death notices in The Advertiser inform us that William was a butcher and had lived in South Australia for 62 years. So presumably he came to South Australia in 1938, although I have been unable to find him in passenger lists. Mary Jane's death notice confirms her immigration details and also tells us that her father's Mount Torrens farm was known as "Uphill Farm".

  The Advertiser 30/1/1901 The Advertiser 2/2/1901

  The Advertiser 28/4/1915

  Turning attention to William's father, a search at www.familysearch.org for an Armon Hicks baptized in the late 18th century found exactly one match: Armon Hicks, son of Henry Hicks and Mary, was baptized in Amesbury, Wiltshire, on 14/7/1785. Certainly a person born in 1785 could have had a son born between 1809 and 1822; so it is conceivable that this Armon was the father of the William who married Mary Jane James. He shows up in the censuses: in 1851 in the village of Salterton, Durnford Parish, Wiltshire, we find a 65 year old butcher named Armon Hicks, who was born in Amesbury, living with his 46 year old wife Sarah and 24 year old son Henry; in 1841 in Salterton, Durnford, we find a household consisting of Armon Hicks (butcher, aged 56), Elizabeth Hicks (aged 57), Henry Hicks (aged 14) and Benjamin Hicks (aged 12).

  I found birth records for Henry and Benjamin, sons of Armon Hicks and Elizabeth: Henry was born in Durnford on 18/1/1827 and Benjamin was born in Durnford on 22/12/1828. Armon Hicks and Elizabeth Whitcher were married in Durnford on 29/7/1824. Our William would have been born before this marriage occurred, but there was a William Hicks, son of Armon Hicks and Martha, baptized in Durrington, Wiltshire, on 20/10/1816. Could it be that this was our William, and his father was married three times? An Armon Hicks had married a Martha Cook on 30/12/1815, at Saint Mary Le Strand, Westminster, London. It appears that Martha, mother of William, died in childbirth, since a Martha Hix was buried in Durrington on 20/10/1816. So it is very reasonable to suppose that Martha's husband went on to marry Elizabeth Whitcher, and was the Armon Hicks born in 1785.

  An Elizabeth Hicks died in the Amesbury registration district in the last quarter of 1842, and Armon Hicks married Sarah Carter in the Amesbury district in the last quarter of 1846. So, conjecturally, Armon Hicks married Martha Cook, then Elizabeth Whitcher, and finally Sarah Carter.

  To complicate matters, there was an Armon Hicks, son of Armon Hicks and Elizabeth Spreadbury, baptized in Durrington on 10/1/1816, just 11 days after Armon Hicks had married Martha Cook in London. I suppose that this indicates that there was another Armon Hicks in Wiltshire who was of a similar age to the one baptized in 1785. An alternative explanation, that appeals to me, is that the same Armon was married four times! The child baptized on 10/1/1816 was presumably born before the marriage of Armon Hicks and Martha Cook: we can only guess how old he was at his baptism. If Armon Hicks' first wife, Elizabeth Spreadbury, died in 1815 shortly after giving birth to her son Armon, then Armon the father would have been left with an infant son and no wife to care for it. So he urgently found himself a new wife (and had to go to London to do it). Ironically, when his new wife died 10 months later, Armon presumably had two infants to cope with, and no wife.

  The four wife theory is wild conjecture, of course. But at least there was a William Hicks, son of Armon and Martha, born in September or October 1816, and it is very possible that this was the William that married Mary Jane James. If so, then he was actually 42 when he married, not 37, and 84 when he died, not 87 or 91.

  On May 20th 1869, William Hicks, butcher of Mount Torrens, was convicted in the Supreme Court, Adelaide, on a charge of stealing and slaughtering a heifer valued at £3. He was sentenced to three years' imprisonment with hard labour. The evidence was reported in an article The Register on 21/5/1869. To display the text of this article, click here.

  SUPREME COURT–CRIMINAL SITTINGS. THURSDAY, MAY 20. [Before His Honor Mr. Justice Wearing.] Wm. Hicks, of Mount Torrens, butcher, was charged with stealing a white and roan heifer, value £3, the property of Charles Cattell, on 6th of May. Other counts charged the prisoner with having killed the heifer with intent to carry away the carcase, and with receiving the animal knowing it to have been stolen. Mr. Andrews, Q.C., for the prosecution; and Messrs. Stow, Q.C., and J. W. Downer for the defence. Mr. Andrews, in opening the case, remarked that the prosecutor was a farmer resident in the Nairne district; and the heifer, which the prisoner was charged with stealing, was running with a cow, its mother, on a run called Black Heath, near Tungkillo. The two animals were branded similarly, viz., two C's back to back. Charles Cattell, farmer, living seven miles the other side of Nairne, said previous to the 5th of the month had a cow and heifer running in the Tungkillo district. The cow was chiefly red, with a dash of white on the off thigh; the horns were far apart; and was branded with two C's on the off rump and ribs. It had had three calves. Recollected the white and roan heifer being calved. It was branded also with two C's; but by mistake they were put on upside down. The heifer was calved about two years since. Saw the cow and heifer about five weeks ago running with the cattle of Messrs. O'Day and Talbot, about eight miles from his place. Believed the tail produced to be that of his calf, which was very fat, owing to its sucking the cow. Mary Ann Vivian, wife of James Vivian, deposed that she saw the cow and heifer in question running in a paddock adjoining the Black Heath Run on the 5th of May. Saw a man drive the cow and heifer out of the paddock along the Mount Torrens road. Believed the tail produced to be that of the heifer, but could not swear to it, because there were so many cattle alike. Her description of the cow and heifer agreed with that given by the prosecutor. Jane Rachel Vivian, daughter of the last witness, give similar evidence. She was also unable to swear that the tail in Court was the tail of the prosecutor's heifer. Benjamin Talbot, shepherd, said he assisted in branding the cow and heifer, and spoke as to the brands and the color of the animals. He saw them about a month ago on the Black Heath Run, but could not swear positively to the tail produced as having belonged to the heifer. Patrick O'Day, of Tungkillo, stated that he had cattle running on the Black Heath Run. With them there were a cow and heifer, the property of the prosecutor. Saw these animals on the Sunday preceding the 6th. The heifer was very fat, which was the result of its sucking the cow. On the morning of the 6th went to the killing-yard at Mount Torrens. There was a young beast hanging on the gallows, the hide of which had been taken off, and the carcase cut down the middle. Saw the prisoner take the carcase, put it into bis cart, and drive away. In the yard there were the prosecutor's cow, and other cattle, the property of witness and his cousin. There was a pool of fresh blood near the gallows. Could not see the hide of the beast that had been killed, but found the tail produced, which was that of the heifer. Telegraphed to Gumeracha for a trooper; after which followed the prisoner to his own place; and in the yard, in his cart, noticed the white feet of an animal. On seeing the prisoner, remarked "You haven't done it very clean this time; you haven't fetched in the feet." He replied, "Them are not the feet of the heifer," and put some boughs over them. Told him it was no good his doing that for he had seen enough of them. In the prisoner's house saw a quantity of fat beef. Subsequently went there again in company with Police-trooper Tacey. The prisoner refused to allow the trooper to search his house without a warrant. The trooper asked him "Where are the feet?" He stated that he supposed if the feet were in the cart before they were there then. On going to the cart they found some brown feet, evidently those of an animal killed a couple of months previously. The following day went to the house of the prisoner a third time. The beef had been removed. Police-trooper Edward Tacey said on the 6th May he went to Mount Torrens and examined the killing yard. There were the marks of blood about, and the tail produced was lying across a rail. Went to the prisoner's house and asked him if he had killed a beast. He said "I have not killed one for two months past." He denied having got or had any beef in his possession. He refused to allow him to search his house without a warrant. Having obtained a warrant, went there again on the succeeding day. Saw some fragments of bone and meat about, which apparently had fallen from beef whilst being chopped up. Edward Day, landlord of the Mount Torrens Hotel, Mount Torrens, said on the morning of the 6th May the prisoner, who was a butcher, came to his house and said, "I've killed a nice little heifer, about 18 months old, which had scarcely done sucking." Gave him an order for twelve or eighteen pounds. Saw the prisoner later in the day pass his house in his cart going at a rapid pace. He was coming from the direction of his home, and going to wards Charleston. Saw him pass again some time afterwards. The order he gave was never executed. August Carver, son of William Carver, deposed that he saw the prisoner in the neighborhood of a paddock belonging to Mr. Bell, in which he afterwards saw a quantity of beef in a creek among some teatree scrub. Charles Bell, of Sandy Water Holes, butcher and farmer, stated that he was ploughing near Charleston on the 6th of May, when he noticed the prisoner drive by in the direction of the Sandy Waterholes. Subsequently found in a paddock of his there four perfect quarters of beef. They were the carcase of a heifer between eighteen months and two years old, and the meat was very fat. This was the case for the prosecution. Police trooper Tacey, at the request of Mr. Stow, was recalled, and stated that he had ascertained from the people at Mount Torrens that the prisoner had not sold beet for two months previous to the 6th of May. Mr. Stow, in indicating the nature of the defence, commented upon the improbability of persons being able to swear to a heifer by the tail, remarking that he thought the Jury were in the position of the Yankee who, on having shown to him a jumping frog, said, "Well, stranger, the p'ints of that frog are much the same as the p'ints of any other;" like him, he thought they would be of opinion that the "p'ints" of the white tail produced were much the same as those of any other tail. Geo. Gowland, of Mount Torrens, said he had known the prisoner for about 10 years, and he had borne an excellent character for honesty. Sold him some short time since a heifer for beef. It was not two years old, and was white, with roan spots about it It had two brands. One was his—two G's back to back—and the other was LR. Bought the heifer from a German named Rocho. Sold it to the prisoner about three weeks ago. Its tail was principally white, but had roan spots about the root. The tail produced was very much like the tail of the heifer he sold to the prisoner but his conscience would not permit him to swear that it was the same, because many cattle had tails very much alike; at the same time he felt confident in his own mind that the tail was that of the heifer he sold to the prisoner. In cross-examination by Mr. Andrews, the witness stated that he sold the heifer to the prisoner for £5. He gave him no receipt, as no money passed, in consequence of his owing money to the prisoner and an arrangement having been made that the remainder of the £5 should be taken out in beef. Bought tbe heifer with two cows seven months ago. Received a receipt for the money he paid for them, which he had not with him, but it was at home. Got beef and mutton from the prisoner, but his family had not had any for a period of two months, in consequence of Hicks not having had any for sale. His family had eaten pork, as he had a number of little pigs which he was unable to selL The heifer took to one of the cows bought from Rocho, so as to lead one to suppose that it was its mother. When Hicks purchased the heifer several cattle were driven with it to Mount Torrens, and they strayed down towards] Tungkillo. His wife helped him to brand the heifer. The two G's was a new brand. Had only branded two or three of his cattle with it—possibly he had branded none but the heifer. Did not like the brand, and sent it back to a blacksmith at Mount Torrens to alter. Could not describe from memory the brand on paper. His Honor to the witness "Do yon swear that you cannot depict your brand on that paper from memory?" The witness: "I cannot." Mr. Stow, in re-examination, elicited that the witness had the two G's brand made by Mr. Shearer, of Mount Torrens, and he sent it back to him to have it altered. In reply to His Honor, the witness said he gave £15 for the heifer and two cows. Paid by a cheque on the Union Bank, drawn by himself and made payable to Rocho or bearer. Paid the cheque to Mrs. Rocho, and there were present an old lady, whom he believed to be Mrs. Rocho's mother, and some children. These people lived somewhere between Tungkillo, Blumberg, and Mount Torrens; but he thought they had since removed down about Reedy Creek. Was unaware till the preceding day that he should be required as a witness in that case. Was then told by a Mr. James that the prisoner desired him to attend and give evidence on his behalf. His Honor, having several times cautioned the witness to be careful what he said, and expressed his disapprobation at his evidence. Mr. Stow remarked that it was most unfair the manner in which Gowland's evidence had been received. He had been treated throughout as if he were not speaking the truth, by Judge as well as counsel. The witness had given the means of testing the accuracy of his account, for he had stated that about seven months ago he paid for a heifer and two cows by a cheque for £15 on the Union Bank. By an adjournment of the Court for a short time the truth or falsity of the statement might be known by sending to the Bank. It was not, however, for him to prove the truthfulness of his witness, but for the Crown to prove the reverse. The Court declined testing Gowland's accuracy is this particular by communicating with the Bank. Mr. Stow then called Edward Tuck, of Mount Torrens, teacher, who said he had known the prisoner upwards of twelve years. Had always regarded him as an honest respectable tradesman. Stephen G. Finn, gentleman, North Adelaide, had been acquainted with the prisoner for 20 years. During that period he had borne a good character for honesty. The counsel then addressed the Court, after which His Honor summed up. He observed that Gowland's evidence was entitled to no weight whatever, and that, in his opinion, he had deliberately stated that which he knew to be untrue. He did not think he had at all exceeded his duty in what he had said respecting that witness; but, at the same time, it was for the Jury, when considering their verdict, to exercise their discretion as to accepting or rejecting his evidence. After a short retirement the Jury found the prisoner guilty, who on being asked if he had anything to say, replied in the negative. His Honor, in passing sentence, said the prisoner had been convicted upon evidence that was most conclusive, and he quite agreed with the Jury's finding. The offence was one of very grave character, particularly in this colony, where property of this kind was exposed to great ravages, and the people who were liable to suffer were the yeomanry. If they were allowed to lose their cattle, they would be unable to continue their business, and ruin must inevitably be the result. With a view to preventing such depredations the Legislature had attached a severe punishment to the crime. In the present case he saw no extenuating circumstances, and the sentence of the Court was that the prisoner be imprisoned and kept to hard labor for three years.

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  I presume that William must have served his time. Note the gap between the birth dates of his daughter Elizabeth and his son Richard James. Mary Jane and her four children may have returned to live with her father during William's enforced absence; in The Register of 4/8/1869, a butcher's shop and house in Mount Torrens were advertised "TO be LET".

  
  The Register, 4/8/1869

  Presumably William returned to his Mount Torrens butcher's shop on his release. Certainly he was back there in the 1880's.

  The Register, 4/4/1884

  The Register, 8/9/1887

  In The Advertiser in the years between 1900 and 1911 there are several mentions of W. Hicks and Sons of Mount Torrens. For example, their fox terrier won a prize at the Mount Pleasant Show in 1900, and their sucking pigs won a prize at the 1910 version of the same event. At the Adelaide wool sales of October 1907 their cross-bred wool fetched 10¾d. per lb.

  The W. Hicks referred to must have been W. Hicks senior, Mary Jane's husband, since his son William did not have any sons.

  The Advertiser, 17/3/1900 The Advertiser, 15/10/1907

  The Advertiser, 19/3/1910 The Advertiser, 4/9/1907

  Although the above items might suggest that W. Hicks and Sons were farmers, they were primarily butchers. As the next few items show they seem to have had a lot of trouble with their horses bolting.

  The Advertiser, 19/12/1906 The Advertiser, 15/6/1904

  The Advertiser, 31/12/1906 The Advertiser, 15/2/1907

  Elizabeth Hicks, daughter of William and Mary, married Richard S. D. Dart on 7/11/1889. They moved to Moonee Ponds, Victoria. They had children named Isobel, Richard, Fredrick and Armon

  Armon Hicks, son of William and Mary, married Eliza Ann Scadden on 15/11/1889. They had children named Frank Henry (1890), Mary Jane (1891), Christina (1893), Armon (1894), William (1896), Walter (1900), Alfred James (1903), Kenneth (1905) and Elizabeth (1906). Armon Hicks senior died on 10/7/1912, Eliza Ann died on 9/4/1943.

  Eliza Ann is mentioned on a Scaddan genealogy web page, according to which she was a second cousin of John Scaddan, sometime premier of Western Australia.

  Frank Henry Hicks (born 1890) was evidently named in honour of his father's brother, Frank Henry Hicks 1874–1884. The second Frank Henry served in World War I, enlisting on 15/9/1914, and died of malaria in Palestine on 10/10/1918.

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  William Hicks, son of Armon and Eliza, married Florence May Thiele at Balhannah on 12/12/1925. There is a curious marriage announcement in the Register that has the surnames of the bride and groom interchanged. I wonder how that happened!

  
  The Register 2/1/1926

  Armon Hicks junior married Olive Bayly at St James Church, West Adelaide, on 5/4/1930.

  Alfred James Hicks married Jean Painter at the Unley Methodist Church on 2/4/1932.

  The Register 10/7/1915 The Advertiser, 11/7/1912 The Advertiser 10/4/1943

  The Register 18/10/1918 The Advertiser 22/3/1932 The Advertiser 29/5/1926

  Elizabeth Hicks, youngest daughter of Armon and Eliza Ann, married Cecil Woods Le Plastrier, Consul for Chile and polo enthusiast. They made regular appearances in the social columns of newspapers. Mr Le Plastrier was a widower with one daughter when he married Elizabeth; his second marriage did not produce any further children.

  Launceston Examiner 8/12/1930 The Advertiser 21/1/1939 The Horsham Times 23/5/1953	The Advertiser 12/3/1936 The Advertiser 26/1/1939 The Advertiser 18/12/1953	The Argus 10/4/1943 The Advertiser 11/1/1937 The West Australian 10/3/1936 The West Australian 8/4/1936
  The Argus 19/9/1949		The Advertiser 2/5/1952

  Richard James Hicks, son of William and Mary, married Flora Sarah Bartholomew on 4/6/1898. She was the daughter of Benjamin Bartholomew, whose brother John Thomas Bartholomew had married Eliza James, younger sister of Mary Jane Hicks (to be discussed below). Richard and Flora had children named Winnifred Violet (1899), Clement (1900), Richard Bartholomew (1901), Grace Harriet (1904), Marjorie Flora (1906), Bernice Catherine (1909) and Dudley Armon (1913). Richard James Hicks died on 11/2/1940, Flora Sarah Hicks died on 17/6/1971.

  Winnifred Violet Hicks married William Ernest Thomas in 1924. Clement Hicks married Florence Jean Cooper (known as Jean) in 1924. Richard Bartholomew Hicks married Phyllis Veronica Pinnington in 1935. Grace Harriet Hicks became Grace Harriet Klose, but I do not know her husband's given names or when the marriage took place. Marjorie Flora Hicks married Henry Edward Sinkinson at Mount Torrens on 24/4/1926. Bernice Catherine Hicks married Edward William Thiele in 1935.

  William Hicks, son of William and Mary, married Rachael Hill in 1909. They had a son named Jack (born and died in 1909) and a daughter named Blanche (born in 1912). Will, as he was apparently known, died on 30/7/1929. He is buried at Mount Torrens, alongside his nephew Dudley Armon Hicks, who had died on 4/7/1928. Rachael Hicks died in 1959. Their daughter Blanche married Keith Edward George Heading on 3/1/1935.

  The Advertiser, 15/11/1889 The Advertiser, 24/4/1926 The Advertiser, 27/12/1934

  The Advertiser, 31/7/1929 The Advertiser, 2/8/1929

  Here are some further newspaper items featuring members of the Hicks family.

  The Register, 7/1/1888 The Advertiser, 4/3/1908 The Advertiser, 25/5/1918

  The Advertiser, 26/11/1906 The Advertiser, 20/2/1932 The Advertiser, 5/2/1935

• A John James (age 22) married Eliza Trenouth on 25/12/1855. At first sight it appears that the groom's age is not right for him to be the John James who was baptized on 3/4/1834; however, it is possible that he was not baptized until he was four months old, and if so then he would indeed have been 22 on 25/12/1855. Eliza (or Elizabeth) Trenouth is relevant to this genealogy in any case, as the daughter of William Trenowth and Phillis Hutchens (who appear on the John and Sarah Hutchens page). Observe that the ages and death dates for John and Eliza given on their gravestone – namely 78 and 27/4/1912 for John and 83 and 26/2/1911 for Eliza – are consistent with their baptism dates of 3/4/1834 and 24/2/1828.

  Genealogy SA's online birth, death and marriage search facility shows that a John James, son of Richard James, died in 1847. But Barry Leadbeater's Deaths South Australia 1836–1853 database reveals that this John was five weeks old, and so was not "my" John.

  John and Eliza had children named Richard (1857), Amelia (22/7/1858), John (18/11/1859), William (11/6/1861), Charles Thomas (4/9/1862), Eliza Jane (2/11/1864), Armon (13/10/1867) and Alice Edith (10/9/1869), all born at Woodside. The occurrence of the name "Armon" perhaps adds support to the conjecture that the father was indeed the John James whose sister Mary also had a son named Armon (born three years earlier). John and Eliza James are both buried in the Wesleyan Church Cemetery at Woodside, the same cemetery in which John James' sister Elizabeth is buried with her husband Thomas Hutchens.

  The death of a Charles Thomas James, son of John James, was registered in the Nairne district in 1863, and the death of an Eliza Jane James, daughter of John James, was registered in the Nairne district in 1895.

  Armon James married Elizabeth Aspden at Moor Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, on 8/3/1892. The marriage record says that Armon was a 24 year old carrier of Abbotsford Street North Melbourne, born at Woodside South Australia, the son of John James (a farmer) and Eliza James née Trenworth. Elizabeth was a 23 year old servant living at Albert Park, born at Mansfield Victoria, daughter of William Aspden (a farmer) and Margaret Aspden née Murphy.

  I have not found a record of Armon James' death. I have not discovered anything about his brothers Richard and William, except for their birth dates.

  Amelia James married Alfred Ottaway in 1881. They had children named Ray Percival (1885–12/7/1886, buried in West Terrace Cemetery) and Harold, for whom I have not found a birth record. Alfred died in 1944 and Amelia on 26/6/1947. Harold married Edith Lilian Earl in 1910, and died in November 1962 aged 74. He is buried at Centennial Park Cemetery, as is Edith Lilian (who was buried in 1965).

  The Advertiser 10/7/1915

  The Advertiser 28/6/1947

  A John James, who I guess was the son of John and Eliza, married a Sarah Bartholomew in 1886. I have not found any records of children of this couple. Sarah died on 24/6/1915, her age given as 54; clearly she was the daughter of Thomas and Eliza Bartholomew born in 1862. Eliza Bartholomew was born Eliza James, and was the sister of John James senior. Thus it appears that Sarah Bartholomew's husband was her first cousin.

  Alice Edith James married Joseph Templer in Glanville, South Australia, on 13/8/1889. There is a Templer Family History website that has a Joseph Templer page, according to which Joseph and Alice Edith had the following children, all born in Woodside: William Joseph Arman (26/6/1890), Alice Ruby (29/12/1891), Camilla (13/8/1894), Isabel Dulcie (14/4/1896), Gertrude Melva (24/8/1897) and John Edwin Roy (5/5/1909). (In fact the birth registration record has the last daughter's name as Gerty rather than Gertrude, and the inscription on her grave has her name as Gertie.)

  
  Templer grave, Woodside
  "In loving memory of Joseph Templer, died Feb 9th, 1941, aged 73yrs. Also Alice, loving wife of the above, died April 8, 1923, aged 53, and Roy, died Oct 10 1924, aged 15 yrs."
  "In loving memory of Isabel Dulcie Larsson, died Dec 17, 1975 aged 79yrs, Gertie Melva Templer, died Dec 9 1982, aged 85 yrs, daughters of the late Alice and Joseph Templer."

• Richard James (age 26) married Christina Emma Smith (age 20, daughter of William Jonson Smith) on 30/4/1863; they had children named Mary (24/3/1864), Harriet Alse (9/11/1865–1/7/1956), Christina Emma (24/6/1867), Alice Edith (20/5/1869), Richard (7/8/1870), Henry (30/4/1872–11/4/1938), Frederick (3/5/1874 ), Emily Sarah (7/12/1876–1/4/1900), Robert John (24/12/1878), Florence Frances (1881–7/3/1965) and Percival Johnson (21/7/1884), all born at Mt Torrens.

  The Advertiser, 15/12/1902 The Advertiser, 12/3/1906

  The Register, 26/5/1863 The Register, 30/4/1888 The Advertiser, 15/3/1906

  Richard died on March 10th 1906 and Christina Emma died Feb 5th 1936; they are buried at Mount Torrens with their daughter Emily Sarah. The barely legible gravestone (on the left below) gives Richard's age at death as 69 years, Christina's age at death as 91 years, and Emily's age at death as 23 years.

  Two of the eleven children of Richard and Christina Emma listed above – the two that were named after their parents – died in infancy: Christina Emma James, daughter of Richard James, died in 1868, and Richard James, son of Richard James, died in 1871.

  I believe that the eldest son, Harry, remained unmarried, as did his sisters Harriet, Emily and Florence.

  Mary James married John Elliott Hannaford at Mount Torrens on 19/4/1888. They had children named Esther May (1889), Frederick James (1891), Elliott Stanger (1895), Walter (1901) and Reginald (1904). Mary died on 18/10/1913. Some of these Hannafords are buried in the Birdwood Old Cemetery.

  Alice Edith James married Alfred Herbert Newman at Mount Torrens on 17/3/1915.

  Frederick James married Annie Dunn, daughter of Charles Dunn, at St Peters on 13/11/1918.

  Robert John James married Linley May Hannaford at Cudlee Creek on 8/4/1908. Linley May's father, Elliott Hannaford, was a first cousin of the John Elliott Hannaford who married Robert's elder sister Mary. Susanna Elliott and William Hannaford were married in Rattery, Devon, on 25/2/1820, and Susanna Hannaford came to South Australia in 1840 with her children Richard Elliott Hannaford, George Williams Hannaford, William Hannaford, Elizabeth Joan Hannaford, Frederick Hannaford and John Elliott Hannaford: see the passenger list of the Brightman, which arrived at Holdfast Bay on 13/12/1840. Richard Elliott Hannaford married Sarah Stanger in 1851; these were the parents of the John Elliott Hannaford who married Mary James. Frederick Hannaford married Elizabeth Sanders in 1851, their son Elliott married Catherine Isabella Kelly in 1876, and their daughter Linley May was born in 1882.

  Robert John and Linley May James had a daughter named Dorothy May, born in 1911. Linley died in 1952 and Robert in 1955.

  Percival Johnson James married Elsie Lina Mary Pope in 1913. Percival Johnson James died in 1954, and Elsie Lina Mary James died in 1964.

  

• Eliza James (age 19) married John Thomas Bartholomew (age 22, son of Thomas Bartholomew) on 22/4/1861; they had children named Sarah (1961), Susan (7/2/1864), John (12/3/1866), Richard James (16/9/1868), Thomas Henry (12/8/1871), Annie Elizabeth (14/10/1874) and William Froud (31/3/1877), all born at Mt Torrens.

  Eliza and John Thomas Bartholomew are both buried in the Mt Torrens Cemetery. From their gravestones (shown above) we see that John Thomas was known by his second name. Observe also that the date of Eliza's death is the same as the date of the birth of her last child.

  John Thomas Bartholomew died on 11/6/1891 in a quarrying accident at Mount Torrens. According to a newspaper report of the incident, "deceased was believed to have been the first male child born in the colony". His gravestone gives his age at death as 52, which would mean that he was born before 11/6/1839, certainly very early in the history of the colony of South Australia. However, a list of 1838 births, deaths and marriages in S. A. includes two males born in that year, whereas John Thomas Bartholomew's parents did not arrive in the colony until 21/3/1839.

  
  The Register 13/6/1891

  Annie Elizabeth Bartholomew, daughter of John Thomas and Eliza, married James Howland on 27/12/1900.

  
  The Advertiser 9/1/1901

  It is probable that John Thomas Bartholomew's father was the Thomas Bartholomew who married Susan Putland in Newhaven, Sussex, in the December quarter of 1838, and came to South Australia on the Buckinghamshire, which arrived on 21/3/1839. A RootsWeb's WorldConnectProject site entitled "My Heading Family" has a Thomas Bartholomew page that lists four children of Thomas Bartholomew and Susan Putland: Benjamin (b. 8/10/1844), William (b. 21/3/1847), Sarah (b. 29/7/1849) and Henry (b. 20/10/1852). Presumably the reason that John Thomas is missing is because his birth predated birth registration in South Australia. However, he is included in Barry Leadbeater's database of early S. A. births, birth date given as 17/5/1839. The same database includes a George Bartholomews, son of Thomas Bartholomews and Susan Putland, born on 16/11/1854. In fact I believe that there was also a daughter named Elizabeth, born in 1842.

  I have found a few newspaper references to these Bartholomews, all of which link them to the Mount Torrens area. For example, Mount Torrens was Benjamin Bartholomew's place of residence on 29/2/1872, when he married Harriet Burton at Mount Pleasant. Similarly, Sarah Bartholomew was from near Blumberg (now Birdwood) when she married Lewis Charles Clesby at Blumberg on 1/1/1875. Benjamin Bartholomew was the pound-keeper at Mount Torrens, and George Bartholomew of Mount Torrens obtained a wine licence in 1878.

  The Register 11/1/1872 The Register 2/3/1872

  The Register 7/1/1875 The Advertiser 10/9/1878